Harvard University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard is an Ivy League university with an acceptance rate of just 5%. If youre considering applying to this exceptionally selective school, here are the Harvard Admissions statistics you should know including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Harvard accepts the Common Application, Coalition Application, and Universal College Application. Why Harvard University? Location: Cambridge, MassachusettsCampus Features: Harvard is home to the historic buildings of the nations oldest university as well as numerous state-of-the-art research facilities. The schools Cambridge location gives students ready access to downtown Boston, and close proximity to hundreds of thousands of college students.Student/Faculty Ratio: 7:1Athletics: The Harvard Crimson compete in the NCAA Division I Ivy League.Highlights: Harvard is the nations most selective university, and it frequently tops the rankings of the best national universities. It is also the nations wealthiest university with an endowment topping $37 billion. Acceptance Rate Harvard is one of the most selective universities in the country with an acceptance rate of 5% for students who entered during the 2017-18 academic year. For every 5 students who got in, 95 received rejection letters. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 42,749 Percent Admitted 5% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled 82% SAT Scores and Requirements Harvard University, like all of the Ivy League Schools, requires all applicants to submit SAT or ACT scores. For students who entered the university in the 2017-18 academic year, 67% of applicants submitted SAT scores. SAT Score Percentiles Section 25th Percentile 75 Percentile ERW 720 780 Math 740 800 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing These score ranges tell us that successful Harvard applicants tend to be in the top 7% of all students according to national SAT data. If you compare SAT scores for the eight Ivy League schools, youll see that all are looking for scores that are far above average, but Harvard and Yale have the highest scores of the group. On the evidence-based reading section of the exam, 25% of applicants scored a 720 or lower, while the top 25% all scored between 780 and 800. Math scores were even higher, with all students in the top quartile scoring a perfect 800. To be truly competitive at Harvard, youll want to have a combined SAT score that is well above 1400. Requirements Harvard University requires students to take the optional essay exam with the SAT. The essay is used for admissions, advising, and class placement. The university also highly recommends that all applicants take at least two SAT Subject Tests. Harvard does not superscore the SAT for applicants who have taken the exam multiple times, but the university does take note of the highest scores for each section. ACT Scores and Requirements All Harvard applicants must submit scores from either the SAT or ACT, and some applicants submit scores from both exams. The SAT is the slightly more popular exam, but over half of applicants (53%) submitted ACT scores. ACT Score Percentiles Section 25th Percentile 75 Percentile English 34 36 Math 31 35 Composite 33 35 An average ACT score is roughly 21, so you can see that students admitted to Harvard are far, far above average. According to national ACT data, most successful Harvard applicants have scores in the top 3% of all test-takers. A look at ACT data for the entire Ivy League shows that youd better have a composite score of 30 or better to be at all competitive. Among Harvard applicants, 25% scored a 33 or lower on the ACT, while the top 25% all scored either a 35 or 36. Requirements Harvard applicants need to take the ACT with writing, and the score on the essay is used for admissions, advising, and placement. The university also highly recommends that all applicants, including those who take the ACT, submit scores from at least two SAT Subject Tests. Note that Harvard does not superscore the ACT—the admissions folks will look at your highest score from a single test date. GPA and Class Rank For new first-year students who entered Harvard University in the 2017-18, the average high school GPA was 4.18. 93% of all enrolled students had a GPA of 3.75 or higher, and no students were admitted who had a GPA below a 3.0. Class ranks were also high with 95% of all enrolled students having been in the top 10% of their high school class. 99% were in the top 25%, and no students were in the bottom half of their class. A strong high school record is an essential component of a successful Harvard application. Graph of Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Data Harvard University Graph of Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Data. Data courtesy of Cappex.com. The admissions data in the graph was self-reported by applicants to Harvard University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. The density of data points in the upper right corner is extremely high, so typical scores for admitted students are higher than they might appear at first glance. Also, realize that theres a lot of red hidden beneath the blue and green in the upper right corner of the graph. Many students with perfect GPAs and test scores in the top 1 percent still get rejected from Harvard. Even the most qualified students should consider Harvard a  reach school. Dont be misled by the data points in the graph that seem to represent mediocre grades and standardized test scores. Many of these data points can be explained by Harvards large international applicant pool. Non-native speakers will, understandably, often have standardized test scores on the English language sections that arent perfect. Also, many foreign countries have entirely different grading standards than the U.S., and a C average in one country might be the equivalent of an A in some U.S. schools. If you are from the U.S., dont give up hope of getting into Harvard if you dont have a 4.0 GPA and 1600 on the SAT. Harvard has  holistic admissions, and the university is looking for students who bring to campus more than good grades and test scores. Students who have some kind of remarkable talent or have a compelling story to tell will get a close look even if grades and test scores arent quite up to the ideal. According to the  Harvard admissions website, the school looks for strong personal qualities, special talents or excellences of all kinds, perspectives formed by unusual personal circumstances, and the ability to take advantage of available resources and opportunities. Thus, while Harvard will certainly want to see a strong academic record punctuated by success in AP, IB, Honors, and/or dual enrollment classes, they are also looking for students who bring more than studiousness to the campus community. Make sure your application clearly highlights what it is that distinguishes you from your peers. True depth and accomplishment in your  extracurricular activities  can play a significant role in your application. Also, make sure you use your  essays  to showcase your personality and passions. Finally, make sure you ask the proper people to write  letters of recommendation: the right words from a teacher who knows you well can provide a useful perspective for the admissions folks. For some strategies on creating ​a successful Harvard application, be sure to read this article on  how to get into an Ivy League school. Sources: Graph courtesy of Cappex; all other admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and the Harvard University admissions website.

The Culture Of South Africa - 1622 Words

South Africa By: Hannah Devine December 5, 2014 Period 4 There are 196 countries in the world and South Africa is the 25th largest. Inhabited by around 53 million people, the country is represented as a whole by all of those people, exhibiting the five elements of culture in their everyday lives. The country is called the rainbow nation because if its diversity of people, religions, and cultures. Culture is all the things that make up a people’s way of life as well as what we inherit from our parents and society. The elements that make up their culture as well as every other country’s includes customs traditions, language, arts literature, religion, and social organization. In South Africa, there are many etiquettes you must follow in order to show the correct and respectful mannerisms of their culture. For meeting someone, there are several greeting styles in South Africa depending upon the ethnic heritage of the person you are meeting. When dealing with people from foreign countries, most South Africans shake hands while keeping eye contact and smiling. Some women do not shake hands and only nod their head, so it is best to wait for a woman to offer her hand. Men might kiss a woman they know well on the cheek instead of a handshake. Greetings are relaxed and include time for social discussion and an exchanging of jokes. For gift giving, it is usually customary for South Africans to give gifts for birthdays and Christmas. They celebrate their 21st and 40thShow MoreRelatedCultural Beliefs And Cultures Of South Africa908 Words   |  4 Pagesvirus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been the leading causes of death among people living in South Africa. Over 1.8 million people have died from AIDS (Iwelunmor Airhihenbuwa, 2012). The cultural practices of South Africa have influenced the wide spread of HIV/AIDS in that country. â€Å"There is a need to take Zambian or African culture seriously in order to look at the salient elements of cultural practices in rites of passage that influence the spread of HIV andRead MoreThe Killings And Destruction Of Cultures Throughout The Us, Australia, And German South Africa1750 Words   |  7 PagesIndia and German Southwest Africa, allows for a better comprehension of genocide as defined by the UN Convention. The four cases raise question as to why we can consider the cases to be genocide, and what similarities and differences each case has. Considering the UN definition , I acknowledge all but the British Indian case to be genocide. There are multiple similarities between the mass killings and destruction of cultures in the US, Australia, and German Southwest Africa, which align with the classificationRead MoreSouth Africa Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesSouth Africa is a nation with a wonderful and varied culture. This country has been called â€Å"The Rainbow N ation†, a name that reflects the diversity of such amazing place. The different ethnic and cultural groups of the South Africa do, however, appreciate their own beliefs and customs. Many of these traditions, besides African culture, are influenced by European and Western heritage. The complex and diverse population of the country has made a strong impact to the various cultures. There areRead MoreA Vey Brief History fo South Africa803 Words   |  3 Pages People have inhabited South Africa for thousands of years and were members of the oldest surviving people of the land, the Khoisan language groups. With just a few left in South Africa mostly located in the sections of the western region. But mostly today black, South Africans belonged to the Bantu language group, which migrated from central Africa, settling in the Transvaal region around 100 A.D. (South Africa: History, 2012). Also the Nguni people who were ancestors of the Zulu and XhosaRead MoreSouth Afric A N ation Of Diversity933 Words   |  4 PagesSouth Africa is located in Southern Africa, it stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. South Africa is ranked the 25th largest country in the world by land area and 25th most populated nation. South Africa is the only nation-state named after its geographic location. After the establishment of a constitutional nonracial democracy in 1994, there was an agreement signed not to change its name. It is a nation of diversity. South Africa has 49.32-million people and a variety of culturesRead MoreInterpersonal Cross-Cultural Competencies And Capabilities1376 Words   |  6 Pagesinfrastructure systems. A country’s culture can be defined as a programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of a region or nation from another. South Africa has a rich and complex culture and history of its own since its independence from Britain nearly a century ago. This essay will go on to discuss in depth the culture and hist ory, as well as geography and military history and concluding with an understanding of how the people of South Africa live. South Africa’s history starts more thanRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization1678 Words   |  7 Pagesworld with a global mass culture which is commonly referred to as a global village (Egnatz, 2011). South Africa is integrated highly into the world economy. South Africa is the strongest African economy and has attained positions like being a member of G8 .All these are as a result of globalization. Globalization has had an impact on the economy, the government and social nature resulting to some effects. The paper will look at how globalization has affected South Africa under several categoriesRead MoreThe Future of South Africa1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe future of South Africa Predicting the future development of South Africa has become increasingly difficult due to radical changes that have occurred in the last few decades. These changes have left South Africa in a state of social and economical unrest. The largest of these changes was the abolishment of Apartheid. This allowed for black vote, and thus in 1994 a black government. This lead to black empowerment, which was subjugated for hundreds of years. This however created a new series ofRead MoreAnalysis of South Africa Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The country selected is South Africa. It is the country of choice because I want to visit the African Continent someday. I am also part African American and want to learn more about the African culture. Location/Geography South Africa is located on the southern tip of Africa. The country has a coastline along the Atlantic and Indian oceans, which makes the country known for its fishery. There are several African countries that border South Africa. The countries include Lesotho, NamibiaRead MoreEssay on Imperialism1578 Words   |  7 Pagesone culture is invading another culture and most of the time the European colonialists are not thinking about the effects this invasion might have on the natives of that land. Problems caused by imperialism have prevailed to this day. Imperialism caused a breakdown of the previous cultures and lifestyles that the natives had followed. The European imperialism caused many of the now prevalent ethnic rivalries that can be found in northern India, parts of Asia, and parts of Africa. quot;Africa and

State Systems Under Imperfect Maintenance â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The State Systems Under Imperfect Maintenance? Answer: Introduction The focus of this essay on the medium term influences on fiscal policy. It is important for the government of any country that their economy performed well and their balance sheet must be strong. The essay also explains the sustainability of the economy, a stable economy is important for government as well people who are living there. The fiscal policy gives direction to the government to work accordingly and work until financial system shows profit. Industrialization is main factor to raise the economy and helps in generating more jobs if the rate of employment increases that means economy is performing good. Moreover, the balance sheet of the government shows goods revenues. This essay is about the fiscal policy of Australia in last three years. Government of Australia is struggling to keep the regular pace in their economic growth. The economy of Australia is not performing well and the reason behind that is increase in the unemployment rate. From the last few years, the unemploym ent rate of Australia has increased and economy has goes down. The essay describes the meaning of fiscal policy and comparison between fiscal and, monetary policy and their working styles and difference among them. Further, the essay explains the objective of fiscal policy and relationship between fiscal policy and macroeconomics variables. In the next section essay explains the three-year fiscal policy of Australia in which medium term strategy explains in details with budget surplus strategy. The essay explains the last three year estimated and projection investment by graph. Afterwards, essay explains the various challenges, which are faced by the fiscal policy in its implementation. Understanding the meaning of fiscal policy Fiscal policy can be defined as the policy or decision made by the government regarding the collection of taxes from public and how to spend that money which is collected. The money which is collected by the government is revenue and spending that money is expenditure for the government. So, fiscal policy is the efficient utilization of government revenue and effective expenditure strategy for overall development of the economy (Hansen, 2013). For the growth and development of country government spends money on different sectors such as education, military, health, defense services, infrastructure and trade. In Australia, government spends large money on the welfare as federal government expected more than $ 156 billion in the budget for the year 2016 for welfare spending. Revenue or money for the spending can be generated through taxation, borrowing money from different sources, sale of fixed assets, state owned enterprises and consumption of reserves (Mertens and Ravn, 2014). Fiscal policy V/S Monetary policy Fiscal policy affects the monetary policy but always contrast with the monetary policy of the country. Fiscal policy is administered by the government or legislative body under laws where as monetary policy is administered by the central bank of a country (Burgert and Schmidt, 2014). Fiscal policy determines the taxation strategy and expenditure of government where as monetary policy determines the demand and supply of money, deposit rates or interest rates, lending rates or borrowing rates and exchange rates. In Australia, monetary policy is regulated and controlled by the RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia). Objectives or tools of fiscal policy The main objective of fiscal policy is to stabilize and stimulate the economy of nation in the period of recession and depression. For example, when Australia was facing financial crisis at global level, government announce the stimulus budget of more than $42 billion in 2009 for the purpose of stimulating the economy (Parliament of Australia, 2017). At the time of inflation in the country, one of the most useful tools is fiscal policy which can be utilized in controlling the situation with increasing the rate of taxes on income and revenue of companies to reduce the consumption level. When government expenditure is more than the revenue it is generally called as budget deficit. In Australia, government used the budget deficit strategy to overcome from the situation of downstream of economic growth. Budget surplus is also used by federal government to overcome from inflation by increasing the revenue and decreasing the expenditure in the country. Another purpose of fiscal policy is t o stimulate the financial market. Share market of country can be influenced by the different fiscal policies of the government (Arrow and Kruz, 2013). To stimulates the share market government uses the budget deficit strategy and budget surplus is used when governments wants to decrease the share market of economy. One of the main objectives is to make growth and welfare of the economy by supplying goods to the public. Relationship between fiscal policy and macroeconomic variables Macroeconomic policy is also responsible for the development and growth of economy and for maintaining the stable environment in the economy. The macroeconomic policy of any country has three main components which are monetary policy to control factors related to money, fiscal policy to control factors related to economy and exchange rate policy to control factors related to finance and currency. So, the different variables of macroeconomic policy are affected due the changes in the policy of taxation and expenditure by the government such as aggregate demand of the goods, saving and investment of the public, rate of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), inflation, rate of unemployment and commodity prices (Corsetti, et al., 2013). The relationship between macroeconomic variables and fiscal policy can be explained as follows: Growth percentage of real GDP: The aim of the fiscal policy is to make the higher economic growth and to enhance the growth and development per person which leads to increase in the living standard of Australias future generation. Growth in the economy is also helpful in increasing the quality of services like education and health (Parliament of Australia, 2017). In December 2015, the percentage of real GDP increased by 0.61 which was higher than the expectation of government and market. Annual growth rate of real GDP was 3.1% which was more than in comparison with 2.76% which was the expected prospective rate of growth in Australia. The main factors for higher growth rate were dwelling investment, growth in the spending of consumers and public (Borio, 2014). Percentage of Inflation: An increase in the prices of commodities, services and goods in the economy of a country can be called as inflation in the economy of that country. Due to increase in the demand of goods and services, supply of goods will decrease and prices will be increases by the supplier for earning higher profit. Main factor behind the inflation is increase in the purchasing power of general public which tends to increase in the prices of goods and services (Elmendorf and Sheiner, 2017). In March 2015, the percentage of inflation decreased by 0.10 which was lower than the expectation of government and market. In December 2015, Annual rate of inflation reduced to 1.4% from 1.8 % which was due to the cost pressure of domestic products. Rate of Unemployment: Unemployment can be defined as the number of individuals who are not working in the present and seeking for the job actively (Argy and Nevile, 2016). Unemployment in the country increases due to the reduction in the level of production by different organizations which results in the fewer requirements of workers. Macroeconomic policy and fiscal policy of Australian government always focuses on reducing the rate of unemployment and increasing the economic growth which result in the more demand of workers in the country. In March 2015, the percentage of rate of unemployment decreased by 0.11 which was more than the expectation of government and market in comparison of 5.71% of unemployment rate in the march. Numbers of person employed in the March 2015 were increased by 26000 and employment rate increased in March was 2.1% in the year 2015. Terms of Trade in the Australia: In present situation, Australia has recovered from the downstream of financial crisis at global level and facing the risk of boom condition of trade and commodity prices are also increasing (Fazzari, et al., 2015). But in 2015, there was significant decreased in the prices of commodity that were 3.3% in the month of December which result in the reducing terms of trade in Australia by 11% annually. Fiscal policies and monetary policies are required to be work together for boom in the overall macroeconomic factors of the country. For the purpose of achieving long term and sustainable growth in the economy of Australia, Federal Government have to face many challenges and negative and positive factors in the economy. Three year fiscal policy of Australian Government Medium term fiscal strategy This strategy is made by the regulatory bodies to achieve on average, profit on the budget, during the period of economic cycle. The strategy of the government is derived from the three policy elements: By investing in stronger economy for more returns and redirecting government expenses to worth investment to increase employees contribution and productivity. It is important to maintain the strong economic discipline to diminish share of the government of the economy in excess of time to open the model for other investors as if private industries are welcomed which help in generating more jobs as economy. Expenses to Gross domestic product declining: Increase the balance of the government by improving the net financial value (Alesina, et. Al., 2010). Budget repair strategy It meant to convey profit on the financial plan by increase in the one percent in gross domestic product by 2023-24.. The overall effect of changes in revenue and expenses, if there is modify in an financial system will be If the effect is optimistic than it will stored as and upgrading to the financial plan base line. An obvious method must be designed to extra on the budget and impactful decisions must be taken by the government at regular intervals. The budget repair strategy works until there is surplus on the budget and it runs till economy shows growth consistently and the unemployment rate goes down (Blanchard, et. al., 2010). Conveying on the average term economic policy It keeps on working until there is sustainable growth in the economy with a regular speed as redirecting expenses for venture to encourage expansion, opportunities with jobs. Financial plan excess over the path of the financial cycle Governing bodies is works towards to take the financial plan to profit earliest achievable. The financial plan preserves a stable and creditable route towards profit. The primary cash shortage is anticipated to get better in every year in excess of the onward approximation from $35.1billion in 2015?16 (2.1% of gross domestic product) to $6.9billion in 2018?19 (0.4% of gross domestic product). In comparison to`2014-15 the fundamental hard cash balance has gone worse through $3.9 billion in 2015-16 and $12.5 in the 4 years to 2017-18. Though, demote to whole duty proceeds is considerably bigger than the range of this worsening. Predictable income tax revenue has been printed down through approximately in 2015 $5.9billion and $20.1billion to 2017-18. From the budget of 2014-15, it takes the entire jot down in income tax revenue to 2017-18 to $52billion (Fiscal Strategy 2016). The major contributor to jot down the taxes of government is the quick drop in the flatten ore cost. Contributes about $20billion of the entire $52billion. Feeble estimated earnings expansion since the 2014?15 has also considerably demoted likely excise revenue. Financial plan do not look for to compensate the weakening in revenue by radically dropping administration expenditure or mountaineering duties. However, the standard yearly motion of consolidation pending 2018?19 is 0.5% of gross domestic product; generally steady with the regular motion of gathering in the financial plan of 2014-15. Management has placed them an aim of getting a excess of 1% of gross domestic product till 2023?24. At presented the projected extra over the average phase still not achieve the aim, that way to even if major growth has by now been completed, there is extra job requisite in the prospect to convey on the job of repairing financial plan. Original money equilibrium is expected to come again to excess in 2019?20, the identical year as anticipated at the 2014?15 MYEFO. Self-effacing extra of up to 0.7% of gross domestic product, are likely more than the leftovers of the middle tenure by a excess of 0.4% of GDP by the ending of forecast phase (Fiscal Strategy 2016). Investing in a stronger financial system via readdressing administration expenditure The financial system of Australia is still correcting to increase in the investment and currently going below in the trend of economic growth that has impact on the fiscal strategies. This financial plan intentionally transmits expenditure towards areas, which will construct a stronger financial system, recognizing the significance of increase to fiscal sustainability. The $5.5 billion small business packages and jobs will create easy for Australian economy to grow and perform with consistent pace, this will not only impact on Australian economy positively but it will help in reducing the unemployment rate in Australia. Because the recent trend from last few years has shown that the unemployment rate in Australia has increased and this will also a reason that Australian economy is not performing well and passing through a bad phase. This financial plan also contains$4.5billionfamily packages. This will help the Australians families to contribute more to the economy this package is also beneficial for the families who are running their family business form a longer period. (Auerbach, et. al., 2013). Increasing the governing bodies balance sheet at regular intervals A stable balance sheet offers flexibility in working and also gives opportunities to government to take tough decisions for the development of the economy. Financial plan excesses more than the path of the monetary rotation This financial plan retains a stable route towards excesses. The shortfall is predictable to descend from $37.1billion in 2016?17 to $6.0billion in 2019?20. Challenges related to the Fiscal policy of Australia Revenue of the government will be reduced because of the factors which are responsible for lowering the trade in country and reducing the growth and development of economy of the country. State governments and Commonwealth both are facing subsequent budget deficit in Australia and this problem of budget deficit will be increased due to the various future challenges (Daley, 2016). Revenues of the state government are also reduced due to increasing in the expenditure in the sectors of infrastructure and health and reduction in the grants from Commonwealth government. Since the GFC (Global Financial Crisis), Government of Commonwealth is facing budget deficit of higher than 2.1 % of GDP from last six years in the five years continuously. Negative balance of fiscal budget from 2009 to 2019 is continuously increasing and projection of net debt is declared from 2 to 16% of GDP and approximately $330 billion in the year 2019. Figure 1 Source: (Daley, 2016) Above figure showing that the projected GDP, terms of trade, cash balance and cyclic impact of budget on the economy of Australia. Cash balance can be defined as the total receipts over and above payment and income from the future funds. Figure 2 Source: (Daley, 2016) Above figure representing the budget deficit and net debt of state government is increasing. After 2005, expenditure of government through intense borrowing is continuously increasing on infrastructure which results in increase in depreciation, interest and operating budget expenses. For the purpose of maintaining balance in the budget Government of Australia will required to make effective strategies for proper utilization of revenue and reducing expenditure level in the future. Government of Australia has to face many challenges and opportunities while making effective strategies for long term fiscal policy such as change in the climate, an ageing population, depletion of natural resource, the economic rise of Asia, changing models of global demand and supply, new technologies and change in the exchange rates (Australian Government, 2017). An effective economic planning is done by the government in the budget of 2016-17 which is helpful in making more diversified and stronger economy in Australia. The main objective of this planning is to give emphasis on the tax system of country, decreasing the burden of long-term debt, employment and growth of economy, looking for balancing the budget and stabilize the overall economy of Australia. Conclusion The essay concludes that fiscal policy is important for the government because this policy designs the framework of the expenses which government does on the public by collecting tax from them. It also explains the Australian that current financial plan is not working accordingly and shows deficit it showing the deficit in comparison to the plan of 2014-15. Government should have strong balance sheet because strong balance sheet gives advantage to government to implement new policies or introduce new schemes for the welfare of the people and also helps in increase the economy. The essay also concludes that Australia is suffering from high unemployment rate which is stopping the economy to increase not only youngers but there is increase in the older people employment also. Government is taking necessary steps to reduce the unemployment rate which will impact on the economy positively. Budget repair strategy explains that if budget is not working according to the plan and fails to sho w the surplus o then government should redirect their expenses and again work on the budget to get income. At last the essay concludes the challenges which are faced by the government in implementing them and how government effectively makes use of their fiscal strategy. References Alesina, A., and Ardagna, S. (2010) Large changes in fiscal policy: taxes versus spending,Tax policy and the economy,24(1), pp. 35-68. Argy, V.E. and Nevile, J. eds. (2016) Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making. UK: management. Arrow, K.J. and Kruz, M. (2013)Public investment, the rate of return, and optimal fiscal policy. UK: Routledge. Auerbach, A. J., and Gorodnichenko, Y. (2013) Output spillovers from fiscal policy.The American Economic Review,103(3), pp. 141-146. Australian Government (2017) Fiscal strategy. [Online]. Available at: https://www.budget.gov.au/2015-16/content/bp1/html/bp1_bs3-02.htm (Accessed: 14 September, 2017). Blanchard, O., DellAriccia, G., and Mauro, P. (2010) Rethinking macroeconomic policy.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,42(s1), pp. 199-215. Borio, C. (2014) The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?,Journal of Banking Finance,45, pp. 182-198. Burgert, M. and Schmidt, S. (2014) Dealing with a liquidity trap when government debt matters: Optimal time-consistent monetary and fiscal policy,Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,47, pp.282-299. Corsetti, G., Kuester, K., Meier, A. and Mller, G.J. (2013) Sovereign risk, fiscal policy, and macroeconomic stability,The Economic Journal,123(566). Daley, J. (2016) Fiscal Challenges for Australia: The Next Decade and Beyond. [Online]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app5.146/full (Accessed: 14 September, 2017). Elmendorf, D.W. and Sheiner, L.M. (2017) Federal Budget Policy with an Aging Population and Persistently Low Interest Rates,The Journal of Economic Perspectives,31(3), p. 175. Fazzari, S.M., Morley, J. and Panovska, I. (2015) State-dependent effects of fiscal policy,Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics Econometrics,19(3), pp. 285-315. Fiscal Strategy (2016) fiscal strategy and outlook. [Online]. Available at: https://www.budget.gov.au/2016-17/content/bp1/html/bp1_bs3-01.htm (accessed: 16 September 2017) Hansen, A.H. (2013)Fiscal policy business cycles. UK: Routledge. Liu, Y., and Huang, H. Z. (2010) Optimal selective maintenance strategy for multi-state systems under imperfect maintenance.IEEE Transactions on Reliability,59(2), pp. 356-367. Mertens, K.R. and Ravn, M.O. (2014) Fiscal policy in an expectations-driven liquidity trap,The Review of Economic Studies,81(4), pp. 1637-1667. Parliament of Australia (2017) The economic and fiscal context. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201617/economic-fiscal-context (Accessed: 14 September, 2017). Parliament of Australia (2017) The tools of macroeconomic policya short primer. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/MacroeconomicPolicy (Accessed: 14 September, 2017).